Female primals are mostly for the looks of it! People like mutated lions because they look different and unique, even when they cant pass the mutation - like most random breeding mutations, like achromia and folded ears, also do not pass.

NCL is just a newly claimed lioness. People want common ones for breeding, but sometimes, lionesses that other people chase may also become NCLs - and thus, have rare and breed-only traits on them, while having no heritage. People like that, and like buying these rare NCLs.

Groupies are lions and lionesses that you get from V'Kai NPC in May Storyline - on event page, scroll down to banner that says Brotherhood of Zeal. Its the storyline, if you side with V'Kai during it, you will get the option to get a groupie every 6 hours for some of his Reputation - points you gain for completing his quests. Groupies may very rarely have special bases and markings on them, as well as mutations - but the chance is rare!

Most mutations are not passable - only Primals from males, Ferus from females, Patches and Piebalds, Dorsal Fur, Overgrown Fur, and hybrids from the mother may pass. Parents of a lion do not matter at all - if a lion themselves has no mutation, they have 0 chance of passing grandparents' mutation.
Unpassable mutations such as dwarfism and others appearing randomly through breeding, or may only pass from the mother with the use of Lion Scrotum item.

Abandoning is sending a cub to the giving tree, where other people may pick them up.
Chasing is chasing the lion out of your pride; if you chase cub, adolescent, or adult male, they will simply be deleted, however chased lionesses between 2 and 10 years old have a 50% chance to become NCLs for someone else to find in explore.

A clone is a copy of a mother, produced with the item called Crunchy Worm. It is a complete looks copy of the mom, except the mutation - people like clones of raffle lionesses because they have 10 rare, breed only markings on them.

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Regular and Felis females CAN NOT pass on the primal mutation naturally, but a female ferus can! But some people just like the looks of the other primal mutations even if they can't pass it down without an item!

Some NCL are 'chased' lions which means it WAS someone's lion and they chased them out of their territory making them a chased NCL, those are usually prettier than the basic NCL! But some NCLs were CRB'd which means they will have a higher chance of having a mutated cub in their next litter!
Groupies are claimed through V'kai's page in this month's event (he's one of this month's event NPCs) they can have mutations or special bases which is what people are looking for! It's not common but it happens! People also like the heritage-less adolescent male groupies as heritage replaces!

I recommend looking through the mutations wiki for the passing of mutations, there are A LOT of mutations

You can clone a lioness with a crunchy worm! It's a breeding item that gives a 25% chance of the lionesses looks copying down onto once of the cubs in the litter!

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I'm sorry nobody has asked this, but what is a sample cub?

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I havent heard a term "sample cub". Must be something the individual person uses to call some sort of cubs?

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